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- Interannual
Variability of
Water Demand
and Summer
Climate in
Albuquerque,
New Mexico: Journal of
Applied
Meteorology,
Vol. 44, No.
12. (2005),
pp.
1777-1787.The
effects of
interannual
climate
variability on
water demand
in
Albuquerque,
New Mexico,
are assessed.
This city
provides an
ideal setting
for examining
the effects of
climate on
urban water
demand,
because at
present the
municipal
water supply
is derived
entirely from
groundwater,
making supply
insensitive to
short-term
climate
variability.
There is
little
correlation
between
interannual
variability of
climate and
total water
demand?a
result that is
consistent
with several
previous
studies.
However,
summertime
residential
demand, which
composes about
one-quarter of
total annual
demand in
Albuquerque,
is
significantly
correlated
with
summer-season
precipitation
and average
daily maximum
temperature.
Furthermore,
regressions
derived from
year-to-year
changes in
these
variables are
shown to
isolate the
climatic
modulation of
residential
water demand
effectively.
Over 60% of
the variance
of
year-to-year
changes in
summer
residential
demand is
accounted for
by interannual
temperature
and
precipitation
changes when
using a
straightforwar
d linear
regression
model, with
precipitation
being the
primary
correlate.
Long-term
trends in
water demand
follow
population
growth closely
until 1994,
after which
time a major
water
conservation
effort led to
absolute
decreases in
demand in
subsequent
years. The
effectiveness
of the
conservation
efforts can be
quantified by
applying the
regression
model, thus
removing the
year-to-year
variations
associated
with
short-term
climate
fluctuations
estimated from
the
preconservatio
n period. The
preconservatio
n regression
provides a
good fit to
interannual
summer
residential
demand in
subsequent
years,
demonstrating
that the
regression
model has
successfully
isolated the
climatic
component of
water demand.
The quality of
this fit
during a
period of
sharply
reduced demand
suggests that
the
conservation
program has
effectively
targeted the
nonclimaticall
y sensitive
component of
water demand
and has
sharpened the
climatically
sensitive
component of
demand to a
level closer
to the
consumption
that is
?climatically
needed.?
Source: Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 44, No. 12. (2005), pp. 1777-1787. - A Warm Heart
and a Clear
Head: The
Contingent
Effects of
Weather on
Mood and
Cognition: Psychological
Science, Vol.
16, No. 9.
(September
2005), pp.
724-731.Prior
studies on the
association
between
weather and
psychological
changes have
produced mixed
results. In
part, this
inconsistency
may be because
weather's
psychological
effects are
moderated by
two important
factors: the
season and
time spent
outside. In
two
correlational
studies and an
experiment
manipulating
participants'
time outdoors
(total N=
605), pleasant
weather
(higher
temperature or
barometric
pressure) was
related to
higher mood,
better memory,
and
?broadened?
cognitive
style during
the spring as
time spent
outside
increased. The
same
relationships
between mood
and weather
were not
observed
during other
times of year,
and indeed
hotter weather
was associated
with lower
mood in the
summer. These
results are
consistent
with findings
on seasonal
affective
disorder, and
suggest that
pleasant
weather
improves mood
and broadens
cognition in
the spring
because people
have been
deprived of
such weather
during the
winter.
Source: Psychological Science, Vol. 16, No. 9. (September 2005), pp. 724-731. - Scaling in
Nature: from
DNA through
Heartbeats to
Weather: The purpose of
this talk is
to describe
some recent
progress in
applying
scaling
concepts to
various
systems in
nature. We
review several
systems
characterized
by scaling
laws such as
DNA sequences,
heartbeat
rates and
weather
variations. We
discuss the
finding that
the exponent
ff quantifying
the scaling in
DNA is smaller
for coding
than for
noncoding
sequences. We
also discuss
the
application of
fractal
scaling
analysis to
the dynamics
of heartbeat
regulation,
and report the
recent
finding...
- A Simulated
Network of
Weather
Stations - A
Laboratory for
the Course
Dkom: This article
describes the
simulation of
a network of
weather-statio
ns, which all
can poll
another
station to get
its
weather-status
or can send a
message to an
arbitrary
weather-statio
n. The
services that
are offered on
the several
OSI-layers are
shown, as well
as the
internal
function of
each layer. I
will also
present some
quantitative
results and a
very brief
overview over
possible
correctness
proof
strategies.
Contents 1 The
System There
are up to 15
Countries,
which will
build a
network...
- The relative
role of winter
and spring
conditions:
linking
climate and
landscape-scal
e plant
phenology to
alpine
reindeer body
mass: Biology
Letters, Vol.
1, No. 1. (22
March 2005),
pp. 24-26.The
relative
importance of
winter
harshness and
early summer
foraging
conditions are
of prime
interest when
assessing the
effect of
global warming
on Arctic and
mountainous
ecosystems. We
explored how
climate and
vegetation
onset
(satellite-der
ived
normalized
difference
vegetation
index data)
determined
individual
performance in
three reindeer
populations
(data on 27814
calves sampled
over 11
years). Snow
conditions,
spring
temperatures
and topography
were the main
determinants
of the onset
of the
vegetation. An
earlier onset
positively
affected the
body mass of
calves born
the following
autumn, while
there was no
significant
direct
negative
impact of the
previous
winter. This
study
underlines the
major impact
of winter and
spring
climatic
conditions,
determining
the spring and
summer food
availability,
and the
subsequent
growth of
calves among
alpine
herbivores.
Source: Biology Letters, Vol. 1, No. 1. (22 March 2005), pp. 24-26.
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